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Impalement (heraldry)
In heraldry, impalement is a form of heraldic combination or marshalling of two coats of arms side by side in one heraldic shield or escutcheon to denote a union, most often that of a husband and wife (and in certain cases, same-sex married couples), but also for unions of ecclesiastical, academic/civic and mystical natures. An impaled shield is bisected "in pale", that is by a vertical line.
==Marital==
The husband's arms are shown in the ''dexter'' half (on the right hand of someone standing behind the shield, to the viewer's left), being the place of honour, with the wife's paternal arms in the ''sinister'' half. For this purpose alone the two halves of the impaled shield are called ''baron'' and ''femme'', from ancient Norman-French usage.〔Boutell, Charles, Heraldry Historical & Popular, London, 1863, p.102〕 Impalement is not used when the wife is an heraldic heiress, that is to say when she has no brothers to carry on bearing her father's arms, in which case her paternal arms are displayed on an escutcheon of pretence in the centre of her husband's arms, denoting that the husband is a pretender to the paternal arms of his wife, and that they will devolve upon the couple's heir(s) as quarterings. When a husband has been married more than once, the sinister half of ''femme'' is split ''per fess'', that is to say horizontally in half, with the paternal arms of the first wife shown ''in chief'' and those of the second wife ''in base''. The sinister side may thus be divided more than twice in similar fashion where required.
The use of impaled arms serves to identify with precision which member of the male line of a family is represented, if the identity of his wife is known, for example from a pedigree. Frequently impaled arms appear sculpted on ancient buildings, thus allowing architectural historians to identify the builder. Impaled arms also appear frequently on monuments in parish churches, and again facilitate identification of the person for whom erected. A convenient and descriptive term for "a heraldic escutcheon showing the impaled arms of a husband and wife" is "a match", and this word was used frequently by, amongst others, Tristram Risdon (d.1640) in his manorial history ''Survey of Devon''. For example: ''"The north aisle of Swimbridge Church was built by Sir John Mules of Ernsborough, as the inscription in a window, and a proof there once fairly printed and guilded, with the arms and matches of that family, make evident"''.〔Tristram Risdon, Survey of Devon, 1810 edition, p.324〕 Also: ''"(William Hankford) is pourtraited kneeling in his robes together with his own match and the match of some of his ancestors insculpt thereon in brass"''〔Tristram Risdon, Survey of Devon, 1810 edition, pp.276-7〕 (in Monkleigh Church, Devon).
For same-sex married couples, the College of Arms in 2014 decreed that male couples may impale their arms together but that each individual will have distinguished arms and crests of their own (i.e. the arms of a given partner will have his own arms on dexter and his partner's in sinister with his own crest; his partner's will be the opposite). Slightly different rules applies to female couples and heraldic heiresses.〔(College of Arms: The Arms of Individuals in Same-Sex Marriages ), 29 March 2014. 〕
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